“Designer Science: A History Of Intelligent Design In America”

When UC Berkeley law professor Phillip Johnson converted to evangelical Christianity, he “decided to devote his life to refuting Darwinism.” His book, “Darwin On Trial,” (1981), challenged Darwinian evolution not on Biblical grounds, as creationism had done, but philosophically. I talked with Johnson when he came to Chico many years ago, and he pressed the point that evolutionary science assumes “methodological naturalism”—the contention “that nothing but nature exists.”

Such a stance rejects a rival theory called “intelligent design” (ID), which Johnson’s book helped publicize. “Design,” C.W. Howell writes in a magisterial study of the ID movement, “was not permitted in science because, as Johnson saw it, the establishment watchdogs of scientific practice would never allow it a seat at the table.” Properly done, science would recognize “that complexity found in nature implies a designing intelligence.”

Chris Howell’s doctorate in religion from Duke University has produced a compelling story of “Designer Science: A History Of Intelligent Design In America” ($35 in hardcover from NYU Press; also for Amazon Kindle). Howell (cwhowell.com), based in Durham, North Carolina, is Director of Academic Programs for the C.S. Lewis Foundation. Recently he was a Zoom guest at the Chico Triad on Philosophy, Science and Theology. 

Howell is in the “theistic evolution” camp and is “currently a practicing Eastern Orthodox Christian; but I wear my dogmas as lightly as a hat, and I have no interest in promoting a particular viewpoint on creation, design, or theism.”

“At its heart,” Howell writes, “ID was based on a radical idea … that one’s religious or nonreligious presuppositions and assumptions—about whether God exists, for example—had an inordinate and maybe even determinative effect on one’s scientific ideas.” 

In 2005, in the Dover, Pennsylvania trial to determine if ID could be taught as an “alternative theory,” it “suffered a total defeat.” In subsequent years ID morphed into a political movement. “Intelligent design both planted the seeds and nurtured the growth of extreme skepticism in the world of US conservatism, a trend that has continued to grow ever since, sprouting in contemporary antivaccine movements and climate change denialism, among other things.”

It's a balanced yet sobering account.